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Cuba –
Sept 29, 2013 8:42:34 GMT
Post by dodger on Sept 29, 2013 8:42:34 GMT
Two decades after the crisis that followed the collapse of Cuba’s main trading partner, the Soviet Union, the working class is still in control on the Caribbean island...
Cuba – the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ means democracy for the workers
WORKERS, MAY 2011 ISSUE
If you were to take any notice of some of the British press recently, you would think that Cuba was about to re-establish capitalism, or at best that Cuba was outdoing Britain in its desire to sack public sector workers. Nothing could be further from the truth. Described as taking the revolution to the next stage after two decades of the “Special Period”, it looks like a direct application of power and control by Cuban workers.
When the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe collapsed around 1990/91, Cuba lost 80 per cent of its trade and suffered a fall of more than 40 per cent in its GDP. Its economy was dependent on growing sugar, bought each year in total by the USSR, after the imposition of the US blockade. Food and manufactured goods, and in particular oil, came mainly from the USSR and Eastern Europe.
After the collapse, all this ceased and the USA tightened its blockade of Cuba with the intention that Cuba also would collapse. The Cuban government declared a “Special Period not in time of war”.
Cuba suffered power cuts and hunger, with shortages of everything. The economy was similar to that in wartime Britain with a black market, spivs and everything else. It was difficult to get to work because of the absence of fuel and no spare parts or tyres for buses. Often there was no work to do because of shortages of raw materials and items such as paper, pens and other essential goods.
Blockade
The country used all its ingenuity to survive these hardships, but the USA tightened the blockade with the Helms Burton Act of 1996 and then the establishment of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba (CAFC) with a budget of tens of millions of dollars to bribe Cubans to act as agents of the US in their attempts to overthrow the regime and appoint a US governor for the island and effectively annex Cuba to the US. Those Cubans arrested in 2003 and now being released were all on the payroll of CAFC.
Real solidarity: the 300-strong Henry Reeves Brigade in Havana about to go to Haiti
to tackle the cholera outbreak at the start of the year.
Photo: Workers
Cuba managed its economy as best it could, developed trade links with countries around the world, especially with Latin America and the ALBA countries, as well as China, Russia, Africa, and Asia. It continued with its internationalist work and prepared to come out of the Special Period. By 2005, Cuba’s economy had recovered its pre-crisis GDP. Tourism, biotechnology, scientific and medical services sectors had all contributed to this.
With very little access to international finance markets because of the blockade – and notwithstanding deals with Venezuela, China and Brazil – the saving of material resources and a more productive use of the workforce are seen as crucial sources of investment. Human capital (in the sense of organisation), educational and technical capacities played vital roles.
The sugar industry declined with retraining and redeployment of workers. Also, because of the right to free education, in particular higher education, guaranteed by the constitution, it has not been easy to develop crucial sectors of the economy, namely construction and agriculture. This is because Cuban youth has often preferred to seek professional qualifications rather than become bricklayers or farmhands. All the reforms enacted during the Special Period were discussed in specially convened “workers’ parliaments” attended by over 3 million workers or 85 per cent of the workforce.
Changes at work
So, to exit the Special Period would require some changes in the world of work. Over the last decade, Cuba embarked on the development of a new Labour Code and a debate on the nature of the future workforce.
By 2006, the 19th Congress of the Cuban TUC noted the problems: the fall of the USSR, the intensified blockade, the global economic crisis and “our own deficiencies that comrade Fidel has repeatedly signalled”. It also pointed to the moral and ideological impact of the Special Period. But the most important job had been done: “Nevertheless, the principal conquests of the Revolution have been preserved, first of all the political power of the workers,” it said.
The task now was to move from crisis management to restoring normal working practices, including full use of the working day. It means modernising human resource management under Cuban standards, professionalising administration and re-codifying workers’ legal rights and responsibilities in the changed world of work. It also means addressing the salary system and distribution of incomes.
Cuba’s constitution guarantees the right to work, equal pay for equal work, health and safety protection at work, an eight-hour day, paid annual leave and social security. The law guarantees local collective bargaining with unions and workers.
A process of consultation, similar to the earlier workers’ parliaments in which workers and unions have a complete veto, has been under way for some years. All of the proposals are discussed by “asembleas”, or workplace meetings. 1.5 million proposals from job descriptions and redeployment, to health and safety, productivity, incentives and salaries have already been discussed and voted upon at more than 20,000 asembleas.
What the British press describe as “massive public sector layoffs” are nothing of the kind. They are the result of this enormous consultation process controlled by workers. The press would not dare tell us this as it is far removed from our regressive anti-trade union laws. Those moving out of the direct state sector are from the overmanned sections and those services that should not be maintained by the state such as hairdressers. All will be offered full pay and training, either in higher education, skills training or in new areas of work.
These new areas include developing the agricultural cooperative model into small-scale manufacturing and repair workshops. Others will receive training to become self-employed. New areas of work have arisen from the economic integration with Venezuela, Bolivia and the other countries in ALBA (the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America). This requires novel relations with private capital in those countries as joint companies are developed on the island. But Cuban workers will develop the regulations governing these ventures, insisting that the state will be the central feature and not market forces.
So, at all stages workers are in control. Unions can even initiate legislation; senior trade unionists sit in the National Assembly and participate in ministerial decision-making. Legislative proposals affecting workers are always referred to the unions for their agreement or criticism.
The dictatorship of the proletariat is a phrase used to describe a state totally controlled by workers in their own interest. If you ever wondered what it might look like, just have a look at Cuba, and particularly this process. |
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Cuba –
Sept 29, 2013 8:50:05 GMT
Post by dodger on Sept 29, 2013 8:50:05 GMT
Cuba - Visit from Yorkshire
WORKERS, APR 2011 ISSUE
On a dank March night in deepest West Yorkshire, some members of a local youth group were talking about Cuba. They had been to an international camp near Havana the previous Christmas, and were showcasing a film they had made, documenting their visit.
The film itself reflected the young people who had made it, brash and vibrant with a relentless, loud score, full of the scenes and images which had made an impact on them.
There were the smiling faces of their new Cuban friends, the football match, the inventively patched up classic American cars, the wonderful colonial architecture of Havana. And of course the audience, (mums and dads, brothers and sisters, councillors and youth leaders) cheered and whooped whenever their loved one appeared on the screen.
The voiceover commentary, also recorded by the young people, indicated a keen curiosity at the contradictions that shape Cuban life. “How can life go on in the face of such a crushing blockade?” “What makes Cubans our age so passionate and proud about their country?” And the inevitable, “Why are they so much better at dancing than we are?”
But it was when the film ended and the young people answered questions, that the meeting came to life. All spoke of the warmth and friendship they had met everywhere. And get this. How the speeches and talks arranged for them by older Cubans were quite interesting!
One councillor, making little attempt to conceal his dislike of Cuba, asked...”Tell us the best thing and the worst thing about this trip.”
After a brief group discussion a spokesman stepped forward. “The worst thing wor cold showers every morning. The best thing wor’t generosity o’t people”.
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Cuba –
Sept 29, 2013 9:17:22 GMT
Post by dodger on Sept 29, 2013 9:17:22 GMT
Black or white US President, change must be real. Obama must lift the 50-year-old inhuman blockade against America’s tiny neighbour, Cuba…
Cuba: she won’t go away!
WORKERS, OCTOBER 2009 ISSUE
The election of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States of America sent waves of joy around the western world as people celebrated both the ridding of George W. Bush with his “God told me to invade and kill” politics and the inauguration of a leader that looked and sounded human as well as humane. Obama had promised Americans change under the campaign slogan “The change we need” and Americans had lapped it up and voted in the first black US President.
Change means different things to different people and election promises about change are not always what they are cracked up to be. Apart from a few “reforms” around the edges which mainly benefit Cuban exiles and their families, American policy towards Cuba and the Blockade seems likely to stay as it is, even though the United Nations has voted (once again) for the US to end this immoral, spiteful and vindictive action against a small country that poses no economic or military threat. But ideas are stronger than weapons, and in that, Cuba is winning the battle!
It’s up to us
If the blockade is not going to be lifted soon then it is still up to us to reach across the globe and work in solidarity with Cuban trades unions.
Unison London Region has been campaigning to rebuild Havana’s ambulance service.
Photo: Workers
The Unison London Region campaign to re-build the Havana City Ambulance Service is a great example. London Ambulance Unison is deeply involved in the appeal to raise money for the modernisation of the Havana City Ambulance Emergency Control Centre.
£45,000 plus has already been achieved! That is the largest amount ever raised by a trade union for a single project in Cuba. It took just three months and will be used to re-equip and modernise the control centre and bring it up to the standard that we take for granted here in Britain.
Because of the blockade the control centre, along with the rest of the ambulance service, has not been able bring in any new equipment or spare parts, to keep up with the demands of a capital city’s ambulance service in 2009.
The current Centre is so dilapidated and overstretched that it is nearly impossible for the public to use the emergency number (114) to call an ambulance. The centre just simply cannot cope with the demand. It is run on old one-line telephones, paper and pencils – a 1950 control room trying to cope in a 2009 world. We wouldn’t do it, we couldn’t do it, they shouldn’t have to do it. At a time when British ambulance services are getting all-singing, all-dancing digital radios the inequalities in wealth and opportunities strike most hard.
This is not the fault of the Cuban ambulance workers, or the Service managers, or the Government, or the political system in Cuba. To paraphrase Bill Clinton: It’s the Blockade, stupid!
Nations are built on trade. If that is denied them, then they will wither on the vine. Can’t sell – can’t buy! It is a slow, cruel and strangling grip on a people’s spirit. The vast majority of American citizens want the blockade lifted. The vast majority of countries within the United Nations want the blockade lifted. Consecutive US administrations have taken no notice and have been trying to choke the life out of Cuba for 50 years.
Spirit of resistance
The difference with Cuba is that she refuses to die. Her spirit to resist, improvise and eventually triumph with dignity grows stronger with every day. Cuba, with a population the size of London, has stood firmly by its beliefs and sovereignty in the face of (and only 90 miles away from) the most powerful nation on earth.
The people’s resourcefulness and inventiveness knows no bounds. They fix, they invent, they adapt. They have been recycling years before it became Green. They do all of this not just because they have to, but because they have taken responsibility for their future and their country.Cuba: she won’t go away!
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Cuba –
Sept 29, 2013 9:51:07 GMT
Post by dodger on Sept 29, 2013 9:51:07 GMT
There was a time when Central and South America were seen as America’s back yard. No longer...
Cuba’s example strengthens a continent
WORKERS, OCT 2013 ISSUE
That was an interesting few weeks through July and August with Edward Snowden holed up in the transit lounge of Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport, hoping that some country would offer him political asylum out of reach of the US authorities who want to lock him up and throw away the keys. Venezuela and Nicaragua both offered him asylum. Bolivian President Evo Morales found his Presidential plane grounded in neutral Austria because of threats by NATO countries over his remarks in Moscow that Edward Snowden would be welcome in his country.
Caracas, Venezuela: The election of Hugo Chavez in 1998
marked a major shift in the politics of South America
Photo: Alexander Chaikin/shutterstock.com
And of course, there’s Julian Assange having been granted asylum in the Ecuadorean Embassy in London. So what’s going on in Latin America that places these countries in the position that they can stand up to and defy the USA and NATO?
Well, there has been immense change, and a gradual process of growing unity among this family of nations that includes both Central and South America and the Caribbean – with Cuba at the heart of it.
That all looked unlikely back in 1962 when the Organisation of American States (OAS), founded by the USA in 1948 to extend its hegemony over the Americas, suspended Cuba over the October missile crisis, at the behest of the USA.
Every country in the Americas was a member of the OAS, which was committed by its founding pledge to “fight Communism”. It was an integral part of the Cold War structures.
But that was then. Fast forward to 2009 when the OAS voted to revoke the suspension of Cuba from the organisation in defiance of threats from the USA and with only that country voting against. Instead, the OAS voted to suspend Honduras following the US-led coup against President Manuel Zelaya. Cuba, though, declined to take up its membership in a move that started a debate on an alternative to the OAS.
So what brought these political changes about? Maybe the trigger was the attempt by the USA to create the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA or ALCA in Spanish). This was a proposal to force every country in the Americas into the straitjacket of a US controlled trade pact, with the exception of Cuba.
The concept, kicked off in 1994 at the summit of the Americas in Miami, came to public notice in 2001 at the Quebec City Summit of the Americas. This summit was the target of massive demonstrations protesting against capitalist “globalisation” and once again the summit excluded Cuba.
Some 150,000 marched in opposition to the FTAA in Quebec on 20 April 2001 while 11 days later, on May Day, Cuban trade unions organised a million workers to protest in Havana under the slogan “Anexo no! Plebesito Si!” or “No to Annexation! Yes to referenda”. Cuban trade unions had been campaigning internationally against globalisation since 1996 when they coined the simple, but now widespread slogan – “a better life is possible”.
Doomed to failure
With opposition from Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, Dominica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Venezuela – Hugo Chavez described the FTAA as “a plan for annexation” and a “tool of imperialism for the exploitation of the Americas” – the summit was doomed to failure.
But the USA would not give up its attempt to impose the FTAA. Most countries had noticed that its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) which included Canada, the USA and Mexico, had destroyed Mexican agriculture because the USA continued to subsidise its own farming. There had never been any suggestion of the people of the Americas having any say on the FTAA. This may seem all too familiar to those who have been warning about the Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) currently being proposed by the USA and the EU and which will not even be subject to ratification by EU member states.
But how did the Americas progress from subservience to the USA to outright defiance? In the 1990s, Cuba was in a bad situation. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 had led to a total collapse of its trade. The USA had taken the opportunity to tighten the political and economic blockade, and at one point in 1994 was literally starving the island to death.
By the late 1990s, oil and energy were the main problem as Cuba was forced to buy at premium rates on the spot market. Cuba had to change its economy and turn to tourism to earn hard currency. This led to Latin American tourists flooding to Cuba and seeing the country with their own eyes.
Then in 1998 and 1999 hurricanes Georges and Mitch hit Haiti and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador, inflicting heavy loss of life.
Cuba not only sent doctors to help in the relief effort but offered to train young people from those poor areas that had suffered, to become doctors. In the meantime, Cuban medical staff would build a health service, based on the successful Cuban model, for the poor in those countries and the Cuban staff would eventually be replaced by the young nationals of each country who had been trained at the Latin American School of Medicine in Havana. Although Cuba had no diplomatic relations with those countries, it would not be long before ambassadors were exchanged.
In 1998, Hugo Chavez was elected as President of Venezuela, a country previously governed by a corrupt media-controlling elite with second homes in Miami. Chavez took on these oligarchs with the backing of the poor from the slums and, by agreement with the people, in 1999 changed the Constitution. Through that, the name of the country was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela after Simone Bolivar, a leading liberation fighter against the Spanish colonialists whose goal was to unite South America into one republic.
This led the Venezuelan government to take full control of PDVSA, the state-owned but corrupt petroleum industry, using the revenues for popular projects. Cuba was involved in establishing a health care system for the barrios as well as providing anti-illiteracy experts and teachers. In exchange Cuba received low cost oil. Plans were afoot to spread social projects across not just Venezuela but the Americas.
This plan was rudely interrupted by a US-inspired coup in 2002. The coup saw Chavez detained but due to his popular support at home and in the military, and the outcry from the other countries of the region, he was released and went on to win four Presidential elections.
The failed coup led to a real coming together of the Americas against US “hegemony” over the region. If there was one thing countries of the region were vehemently opposed to it was coups, especially those emanating from the USA.
In 2004 Bolivarian Venezuela and revolutionary Cuba signed the agreement on medical, education, and petroleum cooperation and launched ALBA, an alternative to the FTTA or ALCA. The Bolivarian Alternative Trade Agreement then set out to encompass other Latin American and Caribbean nations into Peoples Trade Agreements.
ALBA was to become the Bolivarian Alliance of Our Americas and today has in its membership Venezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Ecuador, Nicaragua and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Honduras was a member but withdrew after the 2009 coup. Suriname and St Lucia are special guest members and Haiti is an observer. The objective of ALBA was integration based on recognising each country's national sovereignty.
The attempts by the USA to undermine Venezuela and Cuba and to reassert its hegemony over the continent were themselves rudely interrupted by the US/British invasion of Iraq. While the US was stuck in the Iraqi quagmire Russia re-established trading relations with Cuba, and because of a US ban on spares for the Venezuelan Air Force's US-built planes, that country turned to Russia, which became a strong trading partner for the region. But China was the game changer, brokering huge trade deals with the region, especially with Brazil.
ALBA created a virtual currency for trade, the Sucre, to avoid having to use US dollars. Existing trading and international organisations such as MERCOSUR (covering the South Cone of South America), the Union of South American Nations, CARICOM (the Caribbean Community), and the Andean Community of Nations continued to strengthen their roles, but there was a need felt by all for an overall organisation to deepen integration based on sovereignty.
On 3 December 2011, the Declaration of Caracas was signed creating the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States or CELAC. Its aim was to deepen integration and, most importantly, to significantly reduce the influence of the USA on the politics and economics of the region. Seen as an alternative to the OAS, it comprised 33 sovereign countries in the Americas representing 600 million people. Those not permitted to join were the USA and Canada plus those colonies and territories of France, Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands.
The first President of CELAC was Hugo Chavez followed by Chilean President Pinera. The current President is Cuba's Raul Castro. How times have changed!
The coups haven’t stopped
That didn’t prevent a coup in Paraguay in 2012 because the reforming President Lugo was tackling land reform, which threatened US giant multinational Monsanto. But the coup had to be carried out through parliamentary impeachment rather than the blatant overthrowing of leaders as had been the case with Chavez in 2002 and Manuel Zelaya of Honduras in 2009.
For Britain, this decade and a half of change has some strong messages. Sovereignty is the key to a better life. There are plenty of other trading partners in the world, in Latin and Central America and the Caribbean as well as Russia, China, Africa and India, offering an alternative to the EU where there is no sovereignty. While some of our class think they can see light at the end of the tunnel through TAFTA, the peoples of the Americas saw the express train of the FTAA coming and did something about it. And remember that Britain still has colonies in the Caribbean, many of which are used as tax havens.
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Cuba –
Oct 31, 2013 10:49:21 GMT
Post by dodger on Oct 31, 2013 10:49:21 GMT
Excellent survey of the USA's vicious, illegal blockade of socialist Cuba, 31 Oct 2013
This Will Ppdmore review is from: The Economic War Against Cuba: A Historical and Legal Perspective on the U.S. Blockade (Paperback)
Salim Lamrani, professor of Spanish and Latin American Studies at the University of Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), has given us a splendid study of the US state's half-century long illegal blockade of Cuba.
In 1959, Cuba relied on the USA for 65 per cent of its exports and 73 per cent of its imports. US companies were often exempted from paying taxes and could repatriate all their profits, so they took from, not gave to, the Cuban economy. Between 1950 and 1960, the balance of payments favoured the USA, by one billion dollars.
On 3 February 1962 President Kennedy imposed a total embargo, including on drugs and food products (which broke international humanitarian law). The US government admitted in 2007, "The embargo on Cuba is the most comprehensive set of American sanctions ever imposed upon a country." In 1959, the State Department acknowledged its aim: "The sugar industry will suffer a rapid and abrupt decline that will entail general unemployment. Many persons will be without work and go hungry."
The US state focused with special viciousness on health care products. As Lamrani notes, "Economic sanctions have had a dramatic impact in the field of health. Indeed, nearly 80 percent of the patents granted in the medical sector are issued to U.S. pharmaceutical multinationals and their subsidiaries, which gives them a virtual monopoly. Cuba cannot get access to these medications due to restrictions imposed by the government of the United States." In January 2011 the Obama government seized $4.2 million in funds allocated to Cuba by the United Nations Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
64 per cent of the US population oppose the continuation of the blockade. The AFL-CIO passed a resolution in 2009 demanding an end to it.
In 2011, the United Nations General Assembly opposed the blockade for the 20th year in a row, by 186 votes to two against (the USA and Israel), with three abstentions (Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau). Lamrani presents the speeches of many nations' representatives, but the British government's representative's voice is strangely silent, so as not to offend the capo.
The US state's 50-year war against Cuba's sovereignty and independence is illegal and immoral. It breaks all international law, especially the UN Charter.
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Cuba –
Apr 7, 2014 11:58:20 GMT
Post by dodger on Apr 7, 2014 11:58:20 GMT
Excellent survey of the US blockade, its intent and its effects, 27 Mar 2014
This Will Podmore review is from: Cuba Under Siege: American Policy, the Revolution and Its People (Paperback)
In 1958 infant mortality in Cuba was 60/1,000, there were 6,000 doctors for seven million people, and life expectancy was 59. By 2010 infant mortality was 6/1,000. By 2006 there were 70,000 doctors for 11 million people and life expectancy was 75.
A 1957 report by the Catholic University Association said, “rural areas, especially wage workers, are living in unbelievable stagnant, miserable, and desperate conditions … It is time our country cease being the private fiefdom of a few powerful interests, We firmly hope that, in a few years, Cuba will not be the property of a few, but the true homeland of all Cubans.”
As President John F. Kennedy stated, “Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years – a greater proportion of the Cuban population than the proportion of Americans who died in both World Wars.” He also said, “there is no country in the world, including all the African regions, including any and all the countries under colonial domination, where economic colonization, humiliation and exploitation were worse than in Cuba, in part owing to my country’s policies during the Batista regime …” When Batista and his allies fled, they took $500 million stolen from Cuba’s treasury.
On 6 April 1960, Lester Mallory, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, wrote, “The majority of Cubans support Castro ... The only foreseeable means of alienating internal support is through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship. ... every possible means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba.” Mallory proposed “a line of action which, while as adroit and inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government.”
On 1 November 1960, the US Ambassador to the UN called Cuba’s allegation of a planned US attack “monstrous distortions and downright falsehoods’.
Assistant Secretary of State Richard Rubottom Jr. stated in the early 1960s, “the approved program has authorized us to offer our help to elements that oppose Castro’s government in Cuba so that it seems as if its fall might be a result of their own mistakes.”
The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 offered those who left Cuba permanent residence rights after only one year in the USA, welfare, unemployment benefits, job training, child care, English classes and free medical care.
The 2004 Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba said, “The Cuban economy and government budget after transition may not be able to sustain the level of earned benefits and the lax requirements for eligibility that the communist system permits.”
The US government claims that its blockade is innocent. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton claimed, “The Castro brothers do not want to see an end to the embargo and do not want to see normalization with the United States because then they would lose all the excuses for what hasn’t happened in Cuba in the last 50 years.” National Assembly President Ricardo Alarcón responded, “If she really thinks that the blockade benefits the Cuban government – which she wants to undermine – the solution is very simple: that they lift it even for a year to see whether it is in our interest or theirs.”
The blockade aims to stop medicines reaching Cuba, despite US claims to the contrary. WHO officials noted in 2010, “In the health sector, the consequences of the embargo have a negative multiplier effect on the cost of basic everyday health products, on the difficulties in acquiring health products, on the availability of basic services and, therefore, on the overall living conditions of the population … The embargo affects the individual health care of all people, regardless of age or gender, through its impact on Cuba’s unified health system institutions, research facilities, epidemiological surveillance institutions and disease control agencies ”
CUNY Professor Peter Roman observed, “Anyone who tries to say there is no criticism allowed in Cuba is not telling the truth. There is tremendous critical dialogue going on inside the country, on the economic and political changes, and we have had many Cubans up here speaking critically about the problems. The anti-revolutionaries want everyone to think that anyone who criticizes the government in Cuba will end up in jail. Ridiculous.”
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